Negative Income Tax
Discipline: Economics
Negative income tax was first used by American economist Milton Friedman (1912- ) to describe a form of income maintenance which aims to bring low-income households living below the subsistence level up to a minimum income level set by the government.
Source:
M Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom (Chicago, 1962)
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- inevitability of gradualness
- infinite divisibility
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- innate ideas
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- institutional economics
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- inter alia
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- Kuhn, Thomas Samuel
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- labor force participation rate
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- Laffer curve
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- Laken Declaration
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- law of contradiction
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- legal positivism
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- Leninism
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- liabilities
- liability
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- liberalism
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- life-cycle hypothesis
- Lindahl equilibrium
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- linear programming
- linguistic phenomenology
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- loanable funds theory of the rate of interest
- local sign theory
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- Lucas, Robert
- Lucretius
- lump-of-labor theory of wages
- Luther, Martin
- Lyapunov's theorem
- Maastricht criteria
- Maastricht Treaty (1992)
- Mach, Ernst
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- Malthus, Thomas
- Malthusian population theory
- managerial revolution
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- managerialism
- Manicheism
- Maoism
- Marcel, Gabriel
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- marginal cost pricing
- marginal efficiency of capital
- marginal productivity theory of capital
- marginal productivity theory of distribution
- marginal utility theory
- mark-up pricing
- market socialism
- Marshall, Alfred
- Marshall-Lerner principle
- Marx, Karl
- Marxism
- Marxist feminism
- mass society
- master race
- material balances principle
- materialism
- materialist theory of history
- Maxwell, James Clerk
- mea culpa
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- measure theory
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- Meinong, Alexius von
- Meinong's jungle
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- Mendeleev, Dimitri Ivanovich
- mercantilism
- mereology
- merger
- Merger Treaty (1965)
- meritocracy
- metalanguage
- methodological theories
- Michels, Robert
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- millenarianism
- minimum required rate of return
- Mises, Ludwig von
- Mises, Richard von
- modal realism
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- modernization
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- Modigliani-Miller theory of the cost of capital
- modus operandi
- modus vivendi
- monetarism
- monetary policy
- money supply
- monism
- monopolistic competition
- monopoly
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- Montaigne, Michel de
- Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat
- mood theory
- Moore, George Edward
- moral hazard
- moral sense theories
- More, Henry
- More, Thomas
- mortgage
- motion
- multilateralism
- multiplier
- multiplier-accelerator
- Mundell, Robert
- Mussolini, Benito
- Muth, John
- mutual aid
- mutually assured destruction
- mysticism
- myth
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- naming theories of meaning
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- national debt
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- natural rights
- naturalism
- naturalized epistemology
- necessitarianism
- negative income tax
- negative utilitarianism
- neo-classical growth theory
- neo-classical theory
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- neo-corporatism
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- neutral monism
- new age
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- Newman, John Henry
- Newton, Isaac
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- Nicod's criterion
- Niebuhr, Reinhold
- Nietzsche, Friedrich
- nihilism
- no-ownership theory of the mind
- noblesse oblige
- nominalism
- non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment (nairu)
- non-cognitivism
- non-competing groups
- non-nested hypothesis
- non-profit organization
- non sequitur
- noncurrent assets
- nondurable goods
- normal depreciation
- normative economics
- North America
- North, Douglass C.
- not in my back yard (nimby)
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- occasionalism
- occupation segregation
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- Okun, Arthur
- Okun's law
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- oligopoly theory
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- one over many principle
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- organic theory of the state
- organicism
- Organisation of African Unity
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- overkill
- overload theory
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- pacifism
- Paine, Thomas
- Palace of Westminster
- panpsychism
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- paraconsistency
- paradigmatism
- paradox of thrift
- paradox of value
- paradox of voting
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- Pareto optimality
- Pareto, Vilfredo
- parliamentary system
- Parmenides of Elea
- Parsons, Talcott
- partial equilibrium theory
- particularism
- Pascal, Blaise
- Pascal's wager
- paternalism
- patriarchy
- Pax Americana
- Pax Britannica
- Pax Europaea
- Pax Hispanica
- Pax Mongolica
- Pax Ottomana
- Pax Romana
- PCism
- peaceful co-existence
- peak-load pricing
- Peirce, Charles Sanders
- per capita
- perfect competition
- performative theory of negation
- performative theory of truth
- permanent income hypothesis
- permanent revolution
- Perroux, François
- Perry, Ralph Barton
- per annum
- per diem
- per se
- persona non grata
- personal is political
- personalism
- perspective realism
- perspectivism
- Petty, William
- phenomenalism
- phenomenology
- Phillips curve
- physicalism
- Physiocracy
- picture theory of meaning
- piecemeal social engineering
- Pigou, Arthur Cecil
- Pigou effect
- Planck, Max
- Plato
- Platonism
- Plato's theory of forms
- Plotinus
- pluralism
- plurality
- plurality of causes
- plutocracy
- Poincare, Jules Henri
- police state
- policy
- polis
- political business cycle
- political correctness
- political culture
- political obligation
- polyarchy
- Popper, Karl
- populism
- portfolio selection theory
- positive law
- positivism
- possibilism
- post-materialism
- post-modernism
- post mortem
- post scriptum
- posthumous
- Poulantzas, Nicos
- power
- power corrupts
- pragmatic theory of truth
- pragmatism
- Prebisch, Raul
- Prebisch-Singer thesis
- precedent
- preference utilitarianism
- preferred stock
- prescriptivism
- present value
- presidential system
- presiding court official
- price discrimination
- price fixing
- prima facie
- primary liability
- primus inter pares
- principle of atomic uniformity
- principle of charity
- principle of epistemic closure
- principle of humanity
- principle of indifference
- principle of limited independent variety
- principle of organic unities
- principle of parsimony
- principle of perfection
- principle of plenitude
- principle of sufficient reason
- principle of the impossibility of a gambling system
- principle of the uniformity of nature
- print capitalism
- prisoner's dilemma
- private language argument
- privatization
- pro bono
- pro rata
- probabilism
- process philosophy
- producer price index (ppi)
- product life-cycle theory
- profit
- progress
- proletarianism
- proletariat
- propaganda by the deed
- propensity theory of probability
- property
- property is theft
- Protagoras
- Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph
- psychologism
- psychophysical parallelism
- Ptolemy
- public choice
- public interest
- public private divide
- public utility pricing
- purchasing power
- purchasing power parity
- put option
- Putnam, Hilary
- Pyrrhonism
- Pythagoras of Samos
- Pythagoreanism
- qualified majority
- qualitative research
- quantitative research
- quantity theory of money
- Quesnay, François
- queuing theory
- quid pro quo
- Quincey, Thomas De
- Quine, Willard Van Orman
- quorum
- quota
- Quran
- racism
- radical empiricism
- radical feminism
- radical interpretation
- radicalism
- Rahner, Karl
- raison d'etat
- ramified theory of types
- Ramsey, Frank
- Ramsey pricing
- Rand, Ayn
- random walk hypothesis
- range theories of probability
- rate of return pricing
- rational choice
- rational expectations theory
- rationalism
- rationing
- Rawls, John
- Rawls theory of justice
- Reagan, Ronald
- Reaganomics
- real asset
- real bills doctrine
- real gross domestic product
- real self
- realism
- recession
- recusal
- reductionism
- reductio ad absurdum
- redundancy theory of truth
- refugee
- regression
- regularity theory of causation
- regulation
- regulatory capture
- Reid, Thomas
- relative autonomy
- relative deprivation
- relative income hypothesis
- relativism
- relevance logics
- reliabilism
- rent seeking
- representation
- representationalism
- republicanism
- resemblance theories of universals
- reserve powers
- retributivism
- returns to scale
- revealed preference theory
- revisionism
- revolution
- Ricardian equivalence theorem
- Ricardo, David
- right of legislative initiative
- rights
- Robinson, Joan
- roundabout method of production
- Rousseau, Jean-Jacques
- rule of law
- rule utilitarianism
- Russell, Bertrand
- Rwandan Genocide
- Rybczynski theorem
- Ryle, Gilbert
- Saint Anselm of Canterbury
- Saint Augustine
- Saint Bernard of Clairvaux
- Saint Bonaventure
- Saint John of the Cross
- Saint Teresa of Avila
- salary
- Samuelson, Paul
- Santayana, George
- sapere aude
- Sapir, Edward
- Sartre, Jean-Paul
- satisficing
- satyagraha
- saving
- Say, Jean-Baptiste
- Say's law
- Schengen Agreement
- Schengen Area
- Schleiermacher, Friedrich
- Schlick, Moritz
- Schopenhauer, Arthur
- Schrodinger, Erwin
- Schumpeter, Joseph
- Scitovsky paradox
- screening hypothesis
- search theory
- secondary liability
- secular stagnation theory
- security
- segmented labor market theory
- seignorage
- Sellars, Roy Wood
- semantic atomism
- semantics
- semper fidelis
- sensationalism
- sense and reference
- separation of powers
- separatism
- services
- settler colonialism
- sexism
- Sextus Empiricus
- shadow pricing
- shutdown costs
- signalling
- signatory
- signee
- Simele Massacre
- Simon, Herbert
- simple theory of types
- sine qua non
- Singer, Hans
- Single European Act (1986)
- single market
- situationism
- skepticism
- Slutsky, Eugen
- Slutsky's theorem
- small is beautiful principle
- Smith, Adam
- social choice
- social contract
- social credit
- social Darwinism
- social democracy
- social welfare function
- socialism
- socialism in one country
- sociobiology
- Socrates
- solipsism
- Solow economic growth
- Solow, Robert
- Sorel, Georges
- South America
- sovereignty
- sovereignty-association
- specie-flow mechanism
- species essentialism
- speciesism
- specious present
- speech act theory
- Spencer, Herbert
- Spinoza, Baruch
- spontaneous order
- spot market
- spot price
- Sraffa, Piero
- St. Petersburg paradox
- stages of genocide
- Stalin, Joseph
- Stalinism
- stare decisis
- state
- state capitalism
- state of nature
- statement of cash flows
- static equilibrium
- stationary state
- status quo
- status quo ante
- status quo ante bellum
- Steiner, Rudolf
- stimulus-response model
- stock
- stock-flow analysis
- stock market
- stock option
- Stoicism
- Strawson, Peter Frederick
- strike
- structural functionalism
- structure-conduct-performance theory
- sub poena
- subjective idealism
- subjectivism
- subjectivist theories of probability
- subsidiarity
- substitution theory
- subvention
- sui generis
- sunspot theory
- supermajority
- supply
- supply-side economics
- surplus value
- survival of the fittest
- swaps
- syndicalism
- systems theory
- tabula rasa
- tacit knowledge
- tangible asset
- target return pricing
- tariff
- tax incidence
- taxation
- technological gap theory
- teleology
- term structure of interest rates
- terra incognita
- terra nullius
- Thatcherism
- theism
- theories of meaning
- theories of profits
- theory
- theory of clubs
- theory of consumer demand
- theory of descriptions
- theory of effluxes
- theory of income determination
- theory of income distribution
- theory of production
- theory of relevant alternatives
- theory of second best
- theory of speciation
- theory of species
- theory of the core
- theory of the firm
- theory of the growth of the firm
- theory of tropisms
- theory of truth
- third man argument
- Thoreau, Henry David
- three laws of thought
- three worlds theory
- Thunen, Johann von
- Tiebout, Charles
- Tiebout hypothesis
- tight money policy
- Tillich, Paul
- time deposit
- time preference theory of interest
- tit for tat
- Tobin, James
- Torrens, Robert
- toryism
- total war
- totalitarianism
- Toynbee, Arnold
- trace theory of memory
- trade balance
- trade barriers
- trade cycle
- trade deficit
- trade surplus
- tradition
- tragedy of the commons
- trahison des clercs
- transcendental idealism
- Treaty of Lisbon (2007)
- Treaty of London (1949)
- Treaty of Nice (2001)
- Treaty of Paris (1951)
- Treaty of Rome (1957)
- trialism
- trickle-down theory
- triple-e senate
- Tristram Shandy paradox
- Trotsky, Leon
- Trotskyism
- trust
- truth-conditional semantics
- turnpike theory
- tyranny of the majority
- unanimity
- uncertainty
- underconsumption theory
- unemployment
- unfair competition
- unilateralism
- universalism
- universalizability
- use theories of meaning
- uti possidetis
- utilitarianism
- utility
- utility function
- utility maximization
- utopianism
- value-added
- value-added tax
- vanguard party
- variable
- variable costs
- vault cash
- Veblen effect
- Veblen, Thorstein
- veil of ignorance
- veni, vidi, vici
- vent for surplus
- verbatim
- Verdoorn's law
- verifiability principle
- versus
- vertical acquisition
- vertical equity
- vertical merger
- vertical price fixing
- veto
- vicious circle principle
- Vico, Giambattista
- Vienna Circle
- Viner, Jacob
- virtual representation
- vitalism
- volonte generale
- Voltaire
- voluntarism
- vote of confidence
- vox populi
- wage
- wage differentials
- wage-price spiral
- wages fund doctrine
- Wagner's law
- Wall Street
- Wallerstein, Immanuel
- Walras, Leon
- Walras's stability
- wasting asset
- wear and tear
- Weber, Max
- Weber's theory of the location of the firm
- Weil, Simone
- welfare state
- welfarism
- Westminster system
- white-collar workers
- white man's burden
- Whitehead, Alfred North
- Wicksell, Knut
- Wicksell's theory of capital
- Wicksteed, Philip
- wildcat strike
- William, Nassau
- William of Ockham
- withering away of the state
- windfall profit
- Wittgenstein, Ludwig
- Wollstonecraft, Mary
- workers' control
- working capital
- world society
- writ
- x-efficiency
- x-inefficiency
- Xanthippe
- Xenocrates of Chalcedon
- Xenophanes of Colophon
- xenophobia
- Xenophon of Athens
- xyy syndrome
- yellow book
- yellow-dog contract
- yield
- yield gap
- yield spread
- yield to maturity
- yen
- yin and yang
- yoga
- youth court
- yuan
- z-score
- zapatismo
- Zedong, Mao
- Zeno of Citium
- Zeno of Elea
- zero-sum
- zero tolerance policy
- zionism
- zone pricing
- zoning
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