Buridan's Ass
Discipline: Philosophy
A theoretical illustration of the dilemma posed by the need to make a decision between two equally attractive proposals.
The concept itself dates from much earlier times, being discussed first by Aristotle (384-322 BC).
In Buridan's example, an ass faces starvation when it is unable to choose between two equally appetizing piles of hay.
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- abandonment
- abandonment costs
- Abelard, Peter
- ability-to-pay principle
- Abrahamic religions
- absence paradox
- absolute
- absolute advantage theory
- absolute income hypothesis
- absolute majority
- absolutism
- absorbtion approach
- abstinence theory of interest
- abstractionism
- accelerated depreciation
- acceleration principle
- accession rate
- accumulated depreciation
- acid-test ratio
- acquisition
- act utilitarianism
- action theory
- activism
- ad hominem
- adaptive expectations
- addendum
- adding-up problem
- adjustable peg system
- Adler, Mortimer
- administered pricing
- administrative costs
- administrative theory
- ad hoc
- ad infinitum
- ad nauseam
- ad varolem
- adverse selection
- advertising elasticity of demand
- advertising-to-sales ratio
- Africa
- African Union
- age-earnings profile
- age of inventory
- agency theory
- aggregate demand
- aggregate demand theory
- aggregate output
- aggregate supply
- agnosticism
- agricultural economics
- agricultural policy
- agricultural subsidies
- Akerlof, George Arthur
- alienation
- Alighieri, Dante
- Allais, Maurice
- Allais paradox
- altruism
- alma mater
- amicus curiae
- amortization
- Amsterdam Treaty (1997)
- analytic/synthetic
- anarchism
- anarcho-capitalism
- anarcho-feminism
- anarcho-syndicalism
- Anatolia
- androcentrism
- Anderson, Benedict
- Ani
- animism
- announcement effect
- annual meeting
- annual report
- annuit coeptis
- anomalous monism
- anomie
- anthropomorphism
- anthroposophy
- anti-dumping
- anti-nomianism
- anti-realism
- anti-trust laws
- Antisthenes
- apartheid
- applied economics
- appropriation
- a priori
- a posteriori
- apriorism
- Aquinas, Thomas
- arbitrage
- arbitrage pricing policy
- Archimedes
- argumentum ad verecundiam
- aristocracy
- Aristotelianism
- Aristotle
- Aristotle's four causes
- Armenian Genocide
- Arrow-Debreu model
- Arrow, Kenneth
- artifact
- ASEAN
- Asia
- assets
- asset management
- associationism
- asylum
- asymmetrical information
- atavism
- atheism
- atomism
- attitude theories
- audit
- Austin, John Langshaw
- Austinianism
- austrian school
- autarky
- authoritarianism
- authority
- autocracy
- autogenocide
- Avenarius, Richard
- average cost pricing
- axiom of reducibility
- axiomatic theories
- Ayer, Alfred Jules
- Bachelier, Louis
- backlash theory
- Bacon, Francis
- Bakunin, Michael
- Bakuninism
- balance of payments
- balance of power
- balance of terror
- balance sheet
- balanced budget
- balanced budget multiplier
- Balkanization
- bank failure
- bank money
- bank reserves
- bankruptcy
- Baran, Paul
- bargaining theory
- Barker, Rodney
- barriers to entry
- Barro, Robert
- barter
- bathtub theorem
- Baumol, William
- Bayesianism
- Bayle, Pierre
- bear
- Beauvoir, Simone de
- Becker, Gary
- beggar-thy-neighbor
- behavioral economics
- behavioralism
- behaviorism
- Belloc, Hilaire
- benefit approach principle
- Bentham, Jeremy
- Bentham's theory of utilitarianism
- Bergson, Henri
- Berkeley, George
- Berlin, Isaiah
- Bernoulli, Daniel
- Bernoulli, Jakob
- Bernoulli's hypothesis
- Bernstein, Eduard
- Bertrand duopoly model
- Bertrand, Joseph
- beta coefficient (β)
- bilateral monopoly
- bill-of-lading
- bill-of-sale
- billiard ball model
- bimetallism
- bioeconomics
- biological determinism
- bionomics
- black box model
- black economy
- black market
- Blake, William
- Blanqui, Louis-Auguste
- Blanquism
- blue chips
- blue-collar workers
- board-of-directors
- Boethius
- Bohr, Niels
- bolshevism
- bona-fide
- bond
- bond market
- bond prices
- bond ratings
- Bonnet, Charles
- Boo Hurrah theory
- book value
- boom
- bounded rationality
- Bourdieu, Pierre
- bourgeoise
- Bradley, Francis Herbert
- breach of contract
- Brentano, Franz
- bretton woods agreement
- British empiricists
- Brouwer, Luitzen Egbertus Jan
- Buber, Martin
- Buchanan, James
- budget deficit
- budget-maximization theory
- budget surplus
- Buffon, Comte de
- bull
- bundle theories
- bureaucracy
- Buridan's ass
- Burke, Edmund
- Burnham, James
- Burton, John W.
- business cycle
- bust
- by-product
- call option
- callable bond
- Calvin, John
- Cambodian Genocide
- Cambridge capital controversies
- cambridge school
- Camus, Albert
- capacity utilization
- capital asset
- capital asset pricing model (capm)
- capital intensive
- capital-labor ratio
- capital
- capital logic
- capital market
- capital theory
- capitalism
- capitalization
- capture theory
- Caribbean Community and Common Market
- Carnap, Rudolf
- carpe diem
- cartel
- cash flow
- Cassel, Gustav
- casual employment
- casus belli
- catallaxy
- catastrophe theory
- categorical imperative
- category mistake
- causal principle
- causal realism
- causal theories
- causal theories of meaning
- causal theories of perception
- causal theories of reference
- causal theory of knowledge
- causal theory of memory
- causal theory of names
- causality
- Central America
- Central American Common Market
- Central American Integration System
- central bank
- central place theory
- centralization
- certificate of deposit
- certified public accountant
- CES production function
- ceteris paribus
- chain of being
- Chamberlin, Edward
- Chardin, Pierre Teilhard de
- Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
- check
- checks and balances
- Chenery, Hollis
- chicken
- Christian socialism
- Cicero
- circa
- circulation of elites
- citizenship
- civil disobedience
- civil society
- Clark, John Bates
- Clark, John Maurice
- class dealignment
- class struggle
- class voting
- classical macroeconomic model
- classical theory of money
- classical theory of probability
- clerisy
- Coase, Ronald
- Coase theorem
- Cobb-Douglas production function
- cobweb theory
- cock-up theory
- cogito ergo sum
- coherence theory of truth
- Cole, George Douglas Howard
- collective bargaining theory
- collective security
- collectivism
- collegialism
- Collingwood, Robin George
- collusion theory
- colonialism
- commodity
- commodity theory of money
- common good
- common law
- common market
- common stock
- communalism
- communications theory
- communism
- communitarianism
- community acquis
- comparative advantage theory
- comparative costs
- compatibilism
- compensation principle
- complex interdependence
- composite commodity
- computational psychology
- Comte, Auguste
- conceptualism
- Condorcet, Marie Antoine
- Condorcet's principle
- confirmation principle
- conflict of interest
- conflict theory
- Confucianism
- Confucius
- conglomerate
- connectionism
- connexive implication
- conscious parallelism
- consciousness raising
- consent
- consequentialism
- conservatism
- conservative paradox
- consistent empiricism
- consols
- consortium bank
- conspicuous consumption
- conspiracy
- constant-cost industry
- constant returns to scale
- constitutionalism
- constitutive variable
- constructive apathy
- constructivism
- consumer
- consumer behavior
- consumer credit
- consumer economics
- consumer price index (cpi)
- consumer sovereignty
- consumer surplus
- consumption
- contestable markets theory
- contextualism
- continental rationalists
- contingency theory
- contingent fund
- continuity thesis
- contract
- contract theory
- contractualism
- contribution margin (cm)
- control variable
- Convention on the Future of Europe
- convention t
- convergence hypothesis
- convergence theory
- Copernicus, Nicholas
- corner
- corporation
- corporatism
- correspondence or relational theories of meaning
- correspondence theory of truth
- correspondent bank
- cost
- cost-based pricing
- cost-benefit analysis
- cost center
- cost control
- cost effective
- cost function
- cost, insurance, & freight (cif)
- cost of capital
- cost of goods sold
- cost of living
- cost-of-living adjustment (cola)
- cost-of-living index
- cost-push inflation
- Council of Europe
- Council of the European Union
- countercyclical
- counterpart theory
- countervailing power
- Cournot, Antoine Augustin
- Cournot duopoly model
- covering law model
- craft unions
- Craig's theorem
- Cramer's rule
- creative evolution
- credit
- credit line
- credit squeeze
- credit union
- creditor
- creditor nation
- creeping inflation
- crisis management
- crisis of capitalism
- crisis theory
- critical realism
- critical theory
- Croce, Benedetto
- cross-price elasticity of demand
- cross rate
- crowding hypothesis
- crowding-out
- Cudworth, Ralph
- currency
- currency depreciation
- currency principle
- currency risk
- current account
- current assets
- current liabilities
- current ratio
- curriculum vitae
- customs duty
- customs union theory
- cutoff rate
- cutthroat competition
- cybernetics
- cyclical theory
- cyclical unemployment
- cynicism
- Dahl, Robert
- Darwin, Charles
- Davidson, Donald
- de facto
- de facto and de jure theories of meaning
- de jure
- death in absentia
- death taxes
- debenture
- Debreu, Gerard
- debt
- debt ceiling
- debt instrument
- debt management
- debt ratio
- debt relief
- debt-to-equity ratio
- debtor
- debtor nation
- decision making theory
- decision theory
- decision tree
- decline of the West
- deduction theorem
- deductivism
- default risk
- deference
- deficit financing
- deficit spending
- deflation
- degrees of truth
- deism
- DeLorean theory
- delphi method
- demand
- demand deposit
- demand for money theory
- demand-pull inflation
- demand shift
- demand theory
- democracy
- democratic centralism
- democratic elitism
- Democritus
- demographic transition
- demography
- denotation and connotation
- deontology
- dependency theory
- dependent variable
- depreciation
- depression
- deregulation
- derivatives
- derived demand
- Descartes, Rene
- descriptive economics
- descriptive theory of names
- descriptivism
- determinant
- determinism
- deterrence
- detonator theory
- deus ex machina
- devaluation
- development economics
- development theory
- deviation
- Dewey, John
- dialectic
- dialectical materialism
- dialetheism
- dictatorship of the proletariat
- difference principle
- differential rent theory
- Dilthey, Wilhelm
- diminishing marginal utility
- diminishing returns
- dinar
- Diogenes of Sinope
- diplomatic immunity
- direct action
- direct democracy
- direct quote
- direct tax
- directed democracy
- dirham
- discount rate
- discounting
- discretionary income
- discretionary profits
- diseconomies of scale
- disequilibrium
- disequilibrium theory
- disguised unemployment
- disinflation
- disinvestment
- dismal science
- disposable personal income
- dissaving
- distribution theory
- distributism
- disutility
- diversification
- dividend
- divine intervention
- divine providence
- divine right
- doctrine of internal relations
- doctrine of pre-established harmony
- doctrine of the mean
- Domar, Evsey
- dominant ideology
- domino theory
- doomsday theory
- double aspect theory of mind
- double consciousness
- double effect doctrine
- double majority
- double negation principle
- double taxation
- Draft Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe
- conventionalism
- dual decision hypothesis
- dual economy theory
- dual labor market theory
- dual state theory
- dualism
- DuBois, W.E.B.
- Duhem, Pierre-Maurice
- Dummett, Michael
- dumping
- duopoly
- duopoly theory
- Dupuit, Jules
- durable goods
- Durkheim, Emile
- dynamic equilibrium
- e pluribus unum
- earned income
- earnings per share
- Easton, David
- easy money policy
- Eckhart, Meister
- eclecticism and syncretism
- econometrics
- economic determinism
- economic development
- economic forecasting
- economic goods
- economic growth models
- economic growth
- economic history
- economic indicator
- economic liberalism
- economic methodology
- economic models
- economic policy
- economic theory
- economic theory of politics
- economic theory of the state
- economics
- economies of scale
- Edgeworth, Francis
- Edwards, Jonathan
- effective demand
- efficient market hypothesis
- egalitarianism
- egocentric predicament
- egoism
- Einstein, Albert
- elasticity of demand
- elasticity of supply
- Eleaticism
- electoral competition
- Elias, Norbert
- elitism
- embourgeoisement
- emergence theories
- Emerson, Ralph Waldo
- emotive theory of truth
- emotivism
- Empedocles
- empiricism
- empiriocriticism
- employment
- employment contract
- encroaching control
- end of ideology
- endnote
- Enlightenment
- Engel, Ernst
- Engels, Friedrich
- Engel's law
- entitlement theorem
- envelope theorem
- Epictetus
- Epicureanism
- Epicurus of Samos
- epiphenomenalism
- equal freedom
- equal sacrifice theory
- equality
- equality of states doctrine
- equilibrium
- equilibrium theory
- equity
- Erasmus, Desiderius
- Erastianism
- error learning hypothesis
- escalation
- essential contestability
- essentialism
- et al
- et cetera
- Euclid
- eugenics
- Euler, Leonhard
- Euler's theory
- Eurabia
- Euratom Treaty (1957)
- Euro
- eurobonds
- Europe
- European Atomic Energy Community
- European Central Bank
- European Coal and Steel Community
- European Commission
- European Community
- European Convention (1999-2000)
- European Convention on Human Rights
- European Council
- European Court on Human Rights
- European Court of Justice
- European Currency Unit (ECU)
- European Economic Community (EEC)
- European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM)
- European Monetary System
- European Parliament
- European Union
- eurozone
- evolutionism
- ex ante
- ex post
- ex post facto
- exchange rate
- exclusion theory
- exempli gratia
- existentialism
- exit, voice, & loyalty
- expansion costs
- expansionism
- exploitation
- export subsidies
- exports
- extensionality thesis
- externalism
- externalities
- fabianism
- face value
- fact/value distinction
- factor demand
- factor-price equalization theorem
- factoring
- factors of production
- fallibilism
- falling rate of profit
- false consciousness
- falsificationism
- fascism
- fatalism
- federal deposit insurance company (fdic)
- Federal Reserve System
- federalism
- feminism
- feminist linguistics
- feminist methodology
- fetishism
- feudalism
- fiat money
- fideism
- 'Fido'-Fido theories
- finalism
- financial account
- financial asset
- financial risk
- financial statement
- fine tuning
- finitism
- fiscal policy
- Fisher, Irving
- five ways
- fixed asset
- fixed costs
- fixed exchange rates
- fixed-income securities
- fixed point theorems
- flextime
- float
- floating exchange rates
- foco theory
- folk psychology
- footnote
- forced saving
- forecasting
- foreign aid
- foreign direct investment (fdi)
- foreign policy
- formalism
- forward contract
- forward exchange market
- foundationalism
- four humors
- Fox, George
- franc
- Frank, Andre Gunder
- free banking theory
- free goods
- free on board (fob)
- free rider problem
- free trade
- free trade agreement
- free trade area
- free trade zone
- Frege, Gottlob
- Freire, Paulo
- frequency theory of probability
- Freud, Sigmund
- Friedman, Milton
- Fromm, Erich
- full employment
- functionalism
- fundamental disquilibrium
- fusion of powers
- future value
- futures
- führer
- Gadamer, Hans-Georg
- Galilei, Galileo
- Galton, Francis
- game theory
- Gassendi, Pierre
- Gasset, Jose Ortega Y
- gatekeeping theory
- Gauss, Carl Friedrich
- gaze
- gdp deflator
- gender theory
- general agreement on tariffs and trade (gatt)
- general equilibrium theory
- general strike
- general theory of employment, interest and money
- general will
- genocide
- geopolitics
- Geulincx, Arnold
- Gibrat's rule of proportionate growth
- Giffen paradox
- Giffen, Robert
- Godwin, William
- Goffman, Erving
- gold standard
- golden rule
- golden rule of capital accumulation
- Goodman, Nelson
- Goodman's paradox
- goods
- government spending
- Gramsci, Antonio
- grand theory
- gravity model
- gray-collar workers
- great depression
- great man theory
- greatest happiness principle
- Gresham's law
- gross domestic product (gdp)
- gross national product (gnp)
- Grotian theory
- Grotius, Hugo
- grounded theory
- group theory
- growth-pole theory
- Guevara, Che
- guild socialism
- habeas corpus
- Habermas, Jurgen
- haecceitism
- Hansen, Alvin
- Harrod-Domar growth model
- Harrod, Roy
- Hartley, David
- Hayek, Friedrich
- heartland theory
- Heckscher, Eli
- Heckscher-Ohlin trade theory
- hedging
- hedonism
- hedonistic utilitarianism
- Hegel, Friedrich
- hegemonic stability theory
- hegemony
- Heidegger, Martin
- Heisenberg, Werner
- Heller, Walter
- Hempel, Carl Gustav
- Hempel's paradox
- Heraclitus of Ephesus
- hermeneutics
- heterodox-economics
- Hicks-Hansen model
- Hicks, John
- hidden inflation
- hidden unemployment
- high politics
- Hippocrates
- Hirschman, Albert
- historical materialism
- historicism
- Hobbes, Thomas
- holism
- holistic explanation
- Holocaust
- homo economicus
- horizontal acquisition
- horizontal equity
- horizontal merger
- Hotelling, Harold
- Hotelling's law
- human capital
- human capital theory
- human imperfection
- human nature
- Hume, David
- Hume's law
- hurdle rate
- Husserl, Edmund
- Huxley, Thomas Henry
- hylomorphism
- hylozoism
- hype
- hyperinflation
- hypothetico-deductive method
- ibidem
- id est
- ideal utilitarianism
- idealism
- ideational theories of meaning
- idem
- identity of indiscernibles
- identity theory of mind
- identity theory of predication
- identity theory of truth
- ideology
- idle capacity
- il duce
- imagined communities
- imago dei
- immaterialism
- immiseration
- impacted pluralism
- imperfect competition
- imperialism
- imports
- impossibility theorem
- improbabilism
- in absentia
- in toto
- incentive pay
- income
- income distribution
- income redistribution
- income statement
- income tax
- incrementalism
- independent variable
- indeterminacy of reference and translation
- indeterminism
- indirect tax
- indiscernibility of identicals
- individualism
- individuation principle
- induction
- inductivism
- industrial democracy
- industrialization
- inevitability of gradualness
- infinite divisibility
- inflation
- inflation accounting
- information theory
- inheritance tax
- innate ideas
- input-output analysis
- inscriptionism
- insider-outsider wage determination
- institutional economics
- instrumentalism
- intangible asset
- inter alia
- interactionism
- interest rate
- interests
- internal and external balance
- internal colonialism
- internalism
- international morality
- international system
- internationalism
- interwar period
- intuitionism
- invisible hand
- ipso facto
- iron law of oligarchy
- iron law of wages
- irredentism
- IS-LM model
- isolationism
- iustitia omnibus
- j-curve
- James, William
- Jaspers, Karl
- Jefferson, Thomas
- joint liability
- joint venture
- Jourdain's paradox
- Jugo, Miguel de Unamuno Y
- Jung, Carl Gustav
- junk bond
- just price
- just war
- justice
- Kahn, Richard
- Kaldor, Nicholas
- Kalecki, Michal
- Kant, Immanuel
- Kepler, Johannes
- Keynes, John Maynard
- Keynesian economics
- Khmer Rouge
- Kierkegaard, Soren Aabye
- king's two bodies
- Kondratieff cycles
- Kripke, Saul
- Kropotkin, Prince Peter
- Kuhn, Thomas Samuel
- labor
- labor economics
- labor force
- labor force participation
- labor force participation rate
- labor-intensive
- labor market discrimination
- labor-productivity
- labor theory of value
- labor union
- Laffer, Arthur
- Laffer curve
- laissez-faire
- Laken Declaration
- language of thought
- Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent
- law of contradiction
- law of diminishing returns
- law of excluded middle
- law of identity
- law of large numbers
- law of markets
- law of the small number
- law of variable proportions
- law or principle of bivalence
- law or principle of continuity
- lawyer paradox
- Le Chatelier principle
- learning-by-doing
- least cost location theory
- lebensraum
- Lefebvre, Henri
- legal positivism
- legitimacy
- legitimacy crisis
- Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm
- Leibniz's law
- Lemkin, Raphael
- Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich
- Leninism
- Leontief paradox
- Leontief, Wassily
- Lerner, Abba
- Leucippus
- leverage
- Lewes, George Henry
- liabilities
- liability
- liberal democracy
- liberal feminism
- liberalism
- libertarianism
- life-cycle hypothesis
- Lindahl equilibrium
- Lindahl, Erik
- linear programming
- linguistic phenomenology
- linguistic philosophy
- loanable funds theory of the rate of interest
- local sign theory
- Locke, John
- logic of collective action
- logical atomism
- logical empiricism
- logical fallacy
- logical positivism
- logical relation theory of probability
- logicism
- long wages
- Lotze, Rudolph Hermann
- Lucas, Robert
- Lucretius
- lump-of-labor theory of wages
- Luther, Martin
- Lyapunov's theorem
- Maastricht criteria
- Maastricht Treaty (1992)
- Mach, Ernst
- Machiavelli, Niccolo
- Machiavellianism
- machinery question
- magna carta
- magnum opus
- Maimonides, Moses
- majority
- Malebranche, Nicolas
- Malthus, Thomas
- Malthusian population theory
- managerial revolution
- managerial theories of the firm
- managerialism
- Manicheism
- Maoism
- Marcel, Gabriel
- Marcus Aurelius
- mare nostrum
- marginal cost pricing
- marginal efficiency of capital
- marginal productivity theory of capital
- marginal productivity theory of distribution
- marginal utility theory
- mark-up pricing
- market socialism
- Marshall, Alfred
- Marshall-Lerner principle
- Marx, Karl
- Marxism
- Marxist feminism
- mass society
- master race
- material balances principle
- materialism
- materialist theory of history
- Maxwell, James Clerk
- mea culpa
- Mead, George Herbert
- measure theory
- mechanism
- Meinong, Alexius von
- Meinong's jungle
- meliorism
- Melissus of Samos
- Mendel, Gregor Johann
- Mendeleev, Dimitri Ivanovich
- mercantilism
- mereology
- merger
- Merger Treaty (1965)
- meritocracy
- metalanguage
- methodological theories
- Michels, Robert
- Mill, John Stuart
- millenarianism
- minimum required rate of return
- Mises, Ludwig von
- Mises, Richard von
- modal realism
- model
- modernization
- Modigliani, Franco
- Modigliani-Miller theory of the cost of capital
- modus operandi
- modus vivendi
- monetarism
- monetary policy
- money supply
- monism
- monopolistic competition
- monopoly
- monopoly capitalism
- Montaigne, Michel de
- Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat
- mood theory
- Moore, George Edward
- moral hazard
- moral sense theories
- More, Henry
- More, Thomas
- mortgage
- motion
- multilateralism
- multiplier
- multiplier-accelerator
- Mundell, Robert
- Mussolini, Benito
- Muth, John
- mutual aid
- mutually assured destruction
- mysticism
- myth
- NAFTA
- naive realism
- naming theories of meaning
- Nash equilibrium
- national debt
- national income
- nationalism
- nationalization
- nativism
- natural and warranted rates of growth
- natural justice
- natural law
- natural monopoly of economics
- natural rate of unemployment (naru)
- natural rights
- naturalism
- naturalized epistemology
- necessitarianism
- negative income tax
- negative utilitarianism
- neo-classical growth theory
- neo-classical theory
- neo-conservatism
- neo-corporatism
- neo-functionalism
- neo-liberalism
- neo-Marxism
- neo-Platonism
- neo-Pythagoreanism
- neo-Ricardian theory
- neologism
- Netherlands Antilles Association Convention
- Neumann, John von
- neutral monism
- new age
- new class
- new classical macroeconomics
- new left
- new liberalism
- new riddle of induction
- new right
- Newman, John Henry
- Newton, Isaac
- Nicod, Jean
- Nicod's criterion
- Niebuhr, Reinhold
- Nietzsche, Friedrich
- nihilism
- no-ownership theory of the mind
- noblesse oblige
- nominalism
- non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment (nairu)
- non-cognitivism
- non-competing groups
- non-nested hypothesis
- non-profit organization
- non sequitur
- noncurrent assets
- nondurable goods
- normal depreciation
- normative economics
- North America
- North, Douglass C.
- not in my back yard (nimby)
- novus ordo seclorum
- objective idealism
- objectivism
- occasionalism
- occupation segregation
- Oceania
- Ockham's Razor
- OCT status
- Ohlin, Bertil
- Okun, Arthur
- Okun's law
- oligarchy
- oligopoly
- oligopoly theory
- Olson, Mancur
- one over many principle
- ontology
- open society
- operating risk
- operationalism
- opportunity cost
- optimal tariff theory
- option pricing theory
- options
- organic theory of the state
- organicism
- Organisation of African Unity
- organization theory
- Origen
- origins of life
- Orphism
- orthodox-economics
- overheated economy
- overkill
- overload theory
- Owenism
- own rate of interest
- pacifism
- Paine, Thomas
- Palace of Westminster
- panpsychism
- pantheism
- para bellum
- paraconsistency
- paradigmatism
- paradox of thrift
- paradox of value
- paradox of voting
- Pareto efficiency
- Pareto optimality
- Pareto, Vilfredo
- parliamentary system
- Parmenides of Elea
- Parsons, Talcott
- partial equilibrium theory
- particularism
- Pascal, Blaise
- Pascal's wager
- paternalism
- patriarchy
- Pax Americana
- Pax Britannica
- Pax Europaea
- Pax Hispanica
- Pax Mongolica
- Pax Ottomana
- Pax Romana
- PCism
- peaceful co-existence
- peak-load pricing
- Peirce, Charles Sanders
- per capita
- perfect competition
- performative theory of negation
- performative theory of truth
- permanent income hypothesis
- permanent revolution
- Perroux, François
- Perry, Ralph Barton
- per annum
- per diem
- per se
- persona non grata
- personal is political
- personalism
- perspective realism
- perspectivism
- Petty, William
- phenomenalism
- phenomenology
- Phillips curve
- physicalism
- Physiocracy
- picture theory of meaning
- piecemeal social engineering
- Pigou, Arthur Cecil
- Pigou effect
- Planck, Max
- Plato
- Platonism
- Plato's theory of forms
- Plotinus
- pluralism
- plurality
- plurality of causes
- plutocracy
- Poincare, Jules Henri
- police state
- policy
- polis
- political business cycle
- political correctness
- political culture
- political obligation
- polyarchy
- Popper, Karl
- populism
- portfolio selection theory
- positive law
- positivism
- possibilism
- post-materialism
- post-modernism
- post mortem
- post scriptum
- posthumous
- Poulantzas, Nicos
- power
- power corrupts
- pragmatic theory of truth
- pragmatism
- Prebisch, Raul
- Prebisch-Singer thesis
- precedent
- preference utilitarianism
- preferred stock
- prescriptivism
- present value
- presidential system
- presiding court official
- price discrimination
- price fixing
- prima facie
- primary liability
- primus inter pares
- principle of atomic uniformity
- principle of charity
- principle of epistemic closure
- principle of humanity
- principle of indifference
- principle of limited independent variety
- principle of organic unities
- principle of parsimony
- principle of perfection
- principle of plenitude
- principle of sufficient reason
- principle of the impossibility of a gambling system
- principle of the uniformity of nature
- print capitalism
- prisoner's dilemma
- private language argument
- privatization
- pro bono
- pro rata
- probabilism
- process philosophy
- producer price index (ppi)
- product life-cycle theory
- profit
- progress
- proletarianism
- proletariat
- propaganda by the deed
- propensity theory of probability
- property
- property is theft
- Protagoras
- Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph
- psychologism
- psychophysical parallelism
- Ptolemy
- public choice
- public interest
- public private divide
- public utility pricing
- purchasing power
- purchasing power parity
- put option
- Putnam, Hilary
- Pyrrhonism
- Pythagoras of Samos
- Pythagoreanism
- qualified majority
- qualitative research
- quantitative research
- quantity theory of money
- Quesnay, François
- queuing theory
- quid pro quo
- Quincey, Thomas De
- Quine, Willard Van Orman
- quorum
- quota
- Quran
- racism
- radical empiricism
- radical feminism
- radical interpretation
- radicalism
- Rahner, Karl
- raison d'etat
- ramified theory of types
- Ramsey, Frank
- Ramsey pricing
- Rand, Ayn
- random walk hypothesis
- range theories of probability
- rate of return pricing
- rational choice
- rational expectations theory
- rationalism
- rationing
- Rawls, John
- Rawls theory of justice
- Reagan, Ronald
- Reaganomics
- real asset
- real bills doctrine
- real gross domestic product
- real self
- realism
- recession
- recusal
- reductionism
- reductio ad absurdum
- redundancy theory of truth
- refugee
- regression
- regularity theory of causation
- regulation
- regulatory capture
- Reid, Thomas
- relative autonomy
- relative deprivation
- relative income hypothesis
- relativism
- relevance logics
- reliabilism
- rent seeking
- representation
- representationalism
- republicanism
- resemblance theories of universals
- reserve powers
- retributivism
- returns to scale
- revealed preference theory
- revisionism
- revolution
- Ricardian equivalence theorem
- Ricardo, David
- right of legislative initiative
- rights
- Robinson, Joan
- roundabout method of production
- Rousseau, Jean-Jacques
- rule of law
- rule utilitarianism
- Russell, Bertrand
- Rwandan Genocide
- Rybczynski theorem
- Ryle, Gilbert
- Saint Anselm of Canterbury
- Saint Augustine
- Saint Bernard of Clairvaux
- Saint Bonaventure
- Saint John of the Cross
- Saint Teresa of Avila
- salary
- Samuelson, Paul
- Santayana, George
- sapere aude
- Sapir, Edward
- Sartre, Jean-Paul
- satisficing
- satyagraha
- saving
- Say, Jean-Baptiste
- Say's law
- Schengen Agreement
- Schengen Area
- Schleiermacher, Friedrich
- Schlick, Moritz
- Schopenhauer, Arthur
- Schrodinger, Erwin
- Schumpeter, Joseph
- Scitovsky paradox
- screening hypothesis
- search theory
- secondary liability
- secular stagnation theory
- security
- segmented labor market theory
- seignorage
- Sellars, Roy Wood
- semantic atomism
- semantics
- semper fidelis
- sensationalism
- sense and reference
- separation of powers
- separatism
- services
- settler colonialism
- sexism
- Sextus Empiricus
- shadow pricing
- shutdown costs
- signalling
- signatory
- signee
- Simele Massacre
- Simon, Herbert
- simple theory of types
- sine qua non
- Singer, Hans
- Single European Act (1986)
- single market
- situationism
- skepticism
- Slutsky, Eugen
- Slutsky's theorem
- small is beautiful principle
- Smith, Adam
- social choice
- social contract
- social credit
- social Darwinism
- social democracy
- social welfare function
- socialism
- socialism in one country
- sociobiology
- Socrates
- solipsism
- Solow economic growth
- Solow, Robert
- Sorel, Georges
- South America
- sovereignty
- sovereignty-association
- specie-flow mechanism
- species essentialism
- speciesism
- specious present
- speech act theory
- Spencer, Herbert
- Spinoza, Baruch
- spontaneous order
- spot market
- spot price
- Sraffa, Piero
- St. Petersburg paradox
- stages of genocide
- Stalin, Joseph
- Stalinism
- stare decisis
- state
- state capitalism
- state of nature
- statement of cash flows
- static equilibrium
- stationary state
- status quo
- status quo ante
- status quo ante bellum
- Steiner, Rudolf
- stimulus-response model
- stock
- stock-flow analysis
- stock market
- stock option
- Stoicism
- Strawson, Peter Frederick
- strike
- structural functionalism
- structure-conduct-performance theory
- sub poena
- subjective idealism
- subjectivism
- subjectivist theories of probability
- subsidiarity
- substitution theory
- subvention
- sui generis
- sunspot theory
- supermajority
- supply
- supply-side economics
- surplus value
- survival of the fittest
- swaps
- syndicalism
- systems theory
- tabula rasa
- tacit knowledge
- tangible asset
- target return pricing
- tariff
- tax incidence
- taxation
- technological gap theory
- teleology
- term structure of interest rates
- terra incognita
- terra nullius
- Thatcherism
- theism
- theories of meaning
- theories of profits
- theory
- theory of clubs
- theory of consumer demand
- theory of descriptions
- theory of effluxes
- theory of income determination
- theory of income distribution
- theory of production
- theory of relevant alternatives
- theory of second best
- theory of speciation
- theory of species
- theory of the core
- theory of the firm
- theory of the growth of the firm
- theory of tropisms
- theory of truth
- third man argument
- Thoreau, Henry David
- three laws of thought
- three worlds theory
- Thunen, Johann von
- Tiebout, Charles
- Tiebout hypothesis
- tight money policy
- Tillich, Paul
- time deposit
- time preference theory of interest
- tit for tat
- Tobin, James
- Torrens, Robert
- toryism
- total war
- totalitarianism
- Toynbee, Arnold
- trace theory of memory
- trade balance
- trade barriers
- trade cycle
- trade deficit
- trade surplus
- tradition
- tragedy of the commons
- trahison des clercs
- transcendental idealism
- Treaty of Lisbon (2007)
- Treaty of London (1949)
- Treaty of Nice (2001)
- Treaty of Paris (1951)
- Treaty of Rome (1957)
- trialism
- trickle-down theory
- triple-e senate
- Tristram Shandy paradox
- Trotsky, Leon
- Trotskyism
- trust
- truth-conditional semantics
- turnpike theory
- tyranny of the majority
- unanimity
- uncertainty
- underconsumption theory
- unemployment
- unfair competition
- unilateralism
- universalism
- universalizability
- use theories of meaning
- uti possidetis
- utilitarianism
- utility
- utility function
- utility maximization
- utopianism
- value-added
- value-added tax
- vanguard party
- variable
- variable costs
- vault cash
- Veblen effect
- Veblen, Thorstein
- veil of ignorance
- veni, vidi, vici
- vent for surplus
- verbatim
- Verdoorn's law
- verifiability principle
- versus
- vertical acquisition
- vertical equity
- vertical merger
- vertical price fixing
- veto
- vicious circle principle
- Vico, Giambattista
- Vienna Circle
- Viner, Jacob
- virtual representation
- vitalism
- volonte generale
- Voltaire
- voluntarism
- vote of confidence
- vox populi
- wage
- wage differentials
- wage-price spiral
- wages fund doctrine
- Wagner's law
- Wall Street
- Wallerstein, Immanuel
- Walras, Leon
- Walras's stability
- wasting asset
- wear and tear
- Weber, Max
- Weber's theory of the location of the firm
- Weil, Simone
- welfare state
- welfarism
- Westminster system
- white-collar workers
- white man's burden
- Whitehead, Alfred North
- Wicksell, Knut
- Wicksell's theory of capital
- Wicksteed, Philip
- wildcat strike
- William, Nassau
- William of Ockham
- withering away of the state
- windfall profit
- Wittgenstein, Ludwig
- Wollstonecraft, Mary
- workers' control
- working capital
- world society
- writ
- x-efficiency
- x-inefficiency
- Xanthippe
- Xenocrates of Chalcedon
- Xenophanes of Colophon
- xenophobia
- Xenophon of Athens
- xyy syndrome
- yellow book
- yellow-dog contract
- yield
- yield gap
- yield spread
- yield to maturity
- yen
- yin and yang
- yoga
- youth court
- yuan
- z-score
- zapatismo
- Zedong, Mao
- Zeno of Citium
- Zeno of Elea
- zero-sum
- zero tolerance policy
- zionism
- zone pricing
- zoning
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